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Function Words with Schwa Reduction
1. Articles
- a → /ə/
- an → /ən/
- the → /ðə/ (before consonants)
2. Conjunctions
- and → /ənd/, /ən/, or /n/
- “bread and butter” → /ˈbrɛd n ˈbʌtər/
- but → /bət/
- “but I don’t know” → /bət aɪ doʊnt noʊ/
- or → /ər/
- “this or that” → /ðɪs ər ðæt/
- as → /əz/
- “as good as” → /əz ˈɡʊd əz/
3. Prepositions
- to → /tə/
- “go to school” → /ɡoʊ tə skuːl/
- for → /fər/
- of → /əv/
- “a lot of people” → /ə ˈlɑːt əv ˈpiːpəl/
- from → /frəm/
- at → /ət/
- in → /ən/ (in fast speech)
- “in a minute” → /ən ə ˈmɪnɪt/
- on → /ən/ (in fast speech)
- “on the table” → /ən ðə ˈteɪbəl/
- with → /wəð/
- by → /bə/ (in fast speech)
- “by the door” → /bə ðə dɔːr/
- about → /əˈbaʊt/
- into → /ˈɪntə/
- “into the room” → /ˈɪntə ðə ruːm/
- over → /ˈoʊvər/
- “over there” → /ˈoʊvər ðɛr/
- under → /ˈʌndər/
- “under the bed” → /ˈʌndər ðə bɛd/
4. Pronouns & Auxiliaries
- he → /i/ or /hi/ (reduced)
- him → /əm/
- “give him that” → /ɡɪv əm ðæt/
- her → /ər/
- them → /əm/
- us → /əs/
- was → /wəz/
- “he was there” → /hi wəz ðɛr/
- were → /wər/
- “they were late” → /ðeɪ wər leɪt/
- have → /əv/
- “should have gone” → /ʃʊd əv ɡɔn/
- has → /əz/
- “she has left” → /ʃi əz lɛft/
- had → /əd/
- “he had gone” → /hi əd ɡɔn/
- do → /də/
- “do you know?” → /də ju noʊ/
- does → /dəz/
- “what does he do?” → /wət dəz i duː/
- can → /kən/
- “I can go” → /aɪ kən ɡoʊ/
- could → /kəd/
- “he could help” → /hi kəd hɛlp/
- would → /wəd/
- “she would like” → /ʃi wəd laɪk/
- should → /ʃəd/
- “you should go” → /ju ʃəd ɡoʊ/
- will → /əl/ or /l/
- must → /məst/
- “you must see” → /ju məst siː/
- might → /mət/ (in fast speech)
- “he might be” → /hi mət bi/
- there → /ðər/
- “there is a book” → /ðər ɪz ə bʊk/